he observes that “the central meaning of atheism is not to be sought immediately in atheism; it is to be sought in those gods or that god affirmed, which atheism has either engaged or chosen to ignore as beneath serious challenge. The history of the term indicates this constant, and the analysis of its meaning suggests that it is inescapable: atheism is essentially parasitic.”2 Without the theist, atheism is irrelevant. Accordingly, Buckley argues that modern atheism is a genuinely new phenomenon:
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